The wireless module is actually a pair of wireless receiver and transmitter circuits. There are only few frequency bands (ranges) which we are allowed to use legally. One of those frequencies is 433Mhz. Based on 433MHz transmission frequency, we have the transmitter and the receiver circuits as TX433 and RX433. The transmitter and the receiver […]
Project Basics
Basics of electronics projects
Level Shifter
It consists of 6 circuits which convert signals from Vcc logic levels to Vdd logic levels. Suppose we need to convert the voltage level of data pins D0-D3 which is of 3.3 V (parallel port) to 6V level. It means we have to convert the HIGH of 3.3 V to HIGH of 6V. So we […]
Parallel Port
Computers parallel port is generally used to send or receive binary signals while interfacing with the external devices. We can use switches, micro-controller pins or some IC pins to connect to parallel port. Pin-out of Parallel port: The parallel port consists of 8 data pins and 4 status pins .We can use data pins as […]
Bidirectional Current Buffer
The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. All inputs are […]
Current Buffer
The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004A are high voltage, high current darlington PIN CONNECTION arrays each containing seven open collector dar- lington pairs with common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600ma. WHERE TO USE: These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, […]
Relay
The relay is simply an electrically operated switch i.e. relay has two states and state of the relay depends upon the presence of electrical signal. The relay is usually cuboid shaped and has 5 pins. WHERE TO USE: The relay is used as a switch between two independent circuits. I.e. one circuit can be used […]
Sensors
If system is to be made interactive with the user, then there is big role of sensors. A sensor is a device whose physical property changes in response to the excitations made by the user. But to detect these physical changes by the circuit, we need to convert those changes into electrical signals. The devices […]
Q: How Load affects power supply
When ever we use any power supply, we must take care of the ratings of the power supply. If the system requires more than what is required then we may face many problems: CASE : When current extracted from the power source is greater than maximum current rating Example1: Suppose we have a battery of voltage […]
Q: Selection of Power Supply
REQUIREMENTS: Suppose I have the requirement of a power source with very high current rating of 5A and 6V but lighter in weight. Also we can’t have a supply of 220 V to the system. SELECTION: As we can’t have a 220V, hence we can’t design the power supply our self by transforming AC to […]
Battery Power
The batteries are available in various shapes and sizes and generally the following are main parameters which need to be considered while selecting batteries: 1. Energy content or capacity: This is express in Ah (mAh).This is important characteristic that indicates how long the battery can last before it discharges and become useless. For a given battery […]