Processors

CLOCK FREQUENCY

Q- What does a clock frequency mean which is mentioned in a processor configuration e.g.  1.7GHz processor?

Ans: This clock frequency is the max clock frequency at which a processor can run. An instruction takes a fixed amount of clock cycles to execute a particular instruction. So higher is the clock frequency and lesser is the clock cycle time. So the time taken to execute an instruction reduces with increase in the clock frequency. Hence higher the clock frequency better it is (but with in same family of processors).

Q- Why is there a limit on clock frequency in any processor?

Ans : There are 2 different reasons in limiting the clock freq.

  1. Delays
  2. Heat

Delay: Because there is always a fixed amount of time delay in executing a particular operation. A chip is nothing more than a collection of thousands of transistors and wires that hook them together and a transistor is just an on/off switch. So when ever there is a state change, we have to charge up or drain off the electrons. Hence here is a finite delay in changing of the transistor states. Also we have a delay in transmission of signals. So this imposes the limit on clock frequency.

So if we have n no of different operations and t is the max time delay out of different delays for each of the n operations. Then we have the maximum clock freq as f=1/t Hz

Heat: Also there is also a leakage of heat in every change of transistor state. So more the no of transistor switching of states, more would be the heat leaked so this is another reason we have the limit on clock frequency.

Industry is continuously working on decreasing the delays and on technology to cool the chips and hence we are having continuous increase in the clock frequency.

OVER CLOCKING

Q- What if we apply a clock more than the clock frequency?

Ans: Then there would not be enough time for a particular operation to complete and we may have absurd outputs. Also there may be the case that chip may get destroyed due to overheating and some of the chips may work proper when it is over clocked if it is cooled externally. 

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