C language

Frame Pointer

Q- How are variables accessed within a frame in the stack? Ans: Well as there is a pointer known as stack pointer to manage different operations on stack, the same way there is a frame pointer to access different variables with a frame. The stack pointer points to the top of the stack while the […]

C language

Q5: Memory allocation

As address of the variable y is returned and which gets stored in x and the memory block of function abc() is de-allocated. Next we try to store a value in the memory which has been de-allocated. As memory has been de-allocated and hence operating system may have allocated this memory to some other process. […]

C language

Q4: Memory Allocation

What is the output of the following code? (a) 3              (b) 5       (c) Can’t say Ans: Many would answer it as 3 but it is wrong. The way we have tried to do it is wrong. As we enter into main we have a memory allocated for variable x and then function abc is called. Now […]

C language

Q3: Memory allocation

Consider the C code Explain the allocation of memory in stack for the above program. Ans: firstly a frame in stack is created and memory is allocated to store variable x with value 3. And then function call is made to function fun() and a new frame is created in the stack. Firstly return address to […]

C language

Q2: Memory Allocation

Consider the C code: Now we have to picturize the whole scenario in HEAP and STACK memory. Ans: We have no dynamically allocated variables in this program. Hence there is not much role of HEAP memory. We analyze the memory allocation and de-allocation in STACK on next page. We know stack memory is used to […]

C language

Q1: Memory allocation

Now we have the following statements and we see how STACK & HEAP memory is allocated to different variables. We have the empty HEAP memory & STACK memory as: NOTE: For this question we have used a heap memory & allocated space serially while in real, memory is allocated randomly by operating system. char* x; x= […]

Processors

Main Memory Design

We generally have a standard memory chip available and we have to inter-connect several chips to obtain the specification of memory required for our system design. Suppose we have the following standard chip available: As it is a chip of 1024 (210) words with each word of 4 bits, so we require 10 address lines […]